Sourced county profiles
Rankings
Best Arkansas Counties for Homesteading
County-level discovery signals for homesteading research, with emphasis on land affordability, growing season, rural density, water-climate context, and practical access.
Ranking boundary
Rankings Are Discovery Leads
A high ranking means a county is worth researching first. It is not legal advice, a recommendation to buy land, or proof that any parcel will qualify for a specific use.
Homesteading rankings combine land affordability, rural density, growing season, water-climate context, and county-level research signals.
Source confidence
Ranking Confidence Strip
A quick trust check for the top-ranked counties: verified profiles, major source coverage, citation depth, and the number of source inputs behind this ranking.
Major sourced layers present
Top 10 county citation URLs
Source groups used by this ranking
Van Buren County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#2Drew CountyPartially sourced93Drew County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#3Fulton CountyPartially sourced93Fulton County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#4Hempstead CountyPartially sourced93Hempstead County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback after mismatched website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#5Izard CountyPartially sourced93Izard County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#6Ouachita CountyPartially sourced93Ouachita County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#7Union CountyPartially sourced93Union County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#8Yell CountyPartially sourced93Yell County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#9Clark CountyPartially sourced92Clark County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#10Calhoun CountyPartially sourced91Calhoun County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#11Cleburne CountyPartially sourced91Cleburne County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#12Dallas CountyPartially sourced91Dallas County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#13Jefferson CountyPartially sourced91Jefferson County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#14Madison CountyPartially sourced91Madison County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#15Pike CountyPartially sourced91Pike County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#16Sharp CountyPartially sourced91Sharp County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#17White CountyPartially sourced91White County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#18Arkansas CountyPartially sourced90Arkansas County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#19Ashley CountyPartially sourced90Ashley County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#20Columbia CountyPartially sourced90Columbia County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback after mismatched website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#21Marion CountyPartially sourced90Marion County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#22Nevada CountyPartially sourced90Nevada County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#23Searcy CountyPartially sourced90Searcy County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#24Cleveland CountyPartially sourced89Cleveland County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#25Grant CountyPartially sourced89Grant County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#26Scott CountyPartially sourced89Scott County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#27Independence CountyPartially sourced88Independence County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#28Montgomery CountyPartially sourced88Montgomery County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#29Newton CountyPartially sourced88Newton County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#30Bradley CountyPartially sourced87Bradley County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#31Conway CountyPartially sourced87Conway County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#32Little River CountyPartially sourced87Little River County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#33Miller CountyPartially sourced87Miller County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#34Monroe CountyPartially sourced87Monroe County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#35Phillips CountyPartially sourced87Phillips County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#36Lincoln CountyPartially sourced86Lincoln County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#37Polk CountyPartially sourced86Polk County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#38Chicot CountyPartially sourced85Chicot County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#39Randolph CountyPartially sourced85Randolph County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#40Stone CountyPartially sourced85Stone County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#41Carroll CountyPartially sourced84Carroll County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#42Lawrence CountyPartially sourced83Lawrence County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#43Lonoke CountyPartially sourced83Lonoke County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#44Boone CountyPartially sourced82Boone County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#45Desha CountyPartially sourced82Desha County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#46Woodruff CountyPartially sourced82Woodruff County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#47Lee CountyPartially sourced81Lee County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#48Clay CountyPartially sourced80Clay County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#49Prairie CountyPartially sourced80Prairie County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#50Saline CountyPartially sourced78Saline County now has a first-pass Arkansas known direct planning/zoning anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#51Jackson CountyPartially sourced77Jackson County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#52Faulkner CountyPartially sourced76Faulkner County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#53Lafayette CountyPartially sourced76Lafayette County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#54Baxter CountyPartially sourced75Baxter County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#55Pope CountyPartially sourced75Pope County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#56St. Francis CountyPartially sourced75St. Francis County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#57Franklin CountyPartially sourced74Franklin County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#58Logan CountyPartially sourced74Logan County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#59Howard CountyPartially sourced73Howard County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#60Johnson CountyPartially sourced73Johnson County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#61Hot Spring CountyPartially sourced72Hot Spring County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#62Garland CountyPartially sourced71Garland County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#63Greene CountyPartially sourced71Greene County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#64Craighead CountyPartially sourced70Craighead County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#65Cross CountyPartially sourced70Cross County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#66Perry CountyPartially sourced70Perry County now has a first-pass Arkansas AAC county profile fallback anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#67Poinsett CountyPartially sourced70Poinsett County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#68Sevier CountyPartially sourced70Sevier County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#69Crawford CountyPartially sourced69Crawford County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county website anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#70Mississippi CountyPartially sourced69Mississippi County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#71Crittenden CountyPartially sourced67Crittenden County now has a first-pass Arkansas official county homepage anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#72Benton CountyPartially sourced64Benton County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#73Pulaski CountyPartially sourced64Pulaski County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#74Washington CountyPartially sourced64Washington County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#75Sebastian CountyPartially sourced61Sebastian County now has a first-pass Arkansas planning, zoning, permit, development, or floodplain anchor for county-office routing. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through county staff, municipality checks, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
Research context
How To Read This Ranking
Ranking Source Trail
Homesteading rankings combine county rule research with land affordability, growing season, rural density, and water-climate context.