Sourced county profiles
Rankings
Best Virginia Counties for Homesteading
County-level discovery signals for homesteading research, with emphasis on land affordability, growing season, rural density, water-climate context, and practical access.
Ranking boundary
Rankings Are Discovery Leads
A high ranking means a county is worth researching first. It is not legal advice, a recommendation to buy land, or proof that any parcel will qualify for a specific use.
Homesteading rankings combine land affordability, rural density, growing season, water-climate context, and county-level research signals.
Source confidence
Ranking Confidence Strip
A quick trust check for the top-ranked counties: verified profiles, major source coverage, citation depth, and the number of source inputs behind this ranking.
Major sourced layers present
Top 10 county citation URLs
Source groups used by this ranking
Charlotte County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#2Highland CountyPartially sourced89Highland County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#3Pittsylvania CountyPartially sourced89Pittsylvania County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#4Scott CountyPartially sourced89Scott County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#5Halifax CountyPartially sourced88Halifax County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#6Brunswick CountyPartially sourced86Brunswick County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#7Patrick CountyPartially sourced85Patrick County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#8King and Queen CountyPartially sourced83King and Queen County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#9Amherst CountyPartially sourced82Amherst County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#10Appomattox CountyPartially sourced82Appomattox County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#11Franklin CountyPartially sourced82Franklin County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#12Lee CountyPartially sourced82Lee County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#13Tazewell CountyPartially sourced82Tazewell County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#14Cumberland CountyPartially sourced80Cumberland County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#15Lunenburg CountyPartially sourced80Lunenburg County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#16Smyth CountyPartially sourced80Smyth County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#17Carroll CountyPartially sourced79Carroll County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#18Bath CountyPartially sourced77Bath County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#19Mecklenburg CountyPartially sourced77Mecklenburg County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#20Nelson CountyPartially sourced77Nelson County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#21Floyd CountyPartially sourced76Floyd County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#22Northampton CountyPartially sourced76Northampton County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#23Northumberland CountyPartially sourced76Northumberland County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#24Accomack CountyPartially sourced75Accomack County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#25Buckingham CountyPartially sourced75Buckingham County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#26Bedford CountyPartially sourced74Bedford County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#27Bland CountyPartially sourced74Bland County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#28Grayson CountyPartially sourced74Grayson County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#29Louisa CountyPartially sourced74Louisa County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#30Washington CountyPartially sourced74Washington County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#31Rockbridge CountyPartially sourced73Rockbridge County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#32Botetourt CountyPartially sourced72Botetourt County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#33Caroline CountyPartially sourced72Caroline County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#34Prince Edward CountyPartially sourced72Prince Edward County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#35Wythe CountyPartially sourced72Wythe County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#36Augusta CountyPartially sourced71Augusta County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#37Craig CountyPartially sourced71Craig County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#38Page CountyPartially sourced71Page County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#39Albemarle CountyPartially sourced70Albemarle County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#40Alleghany CountyPartially sourced70Alleghany County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#41Lancaster CountyPartially sourced70Lancaster County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#42Middlesex CountyPartially sourced70Middlesex County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#43Rappahannock CountyPartially sourced70Rappahannock County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#44Shenandoah CountyPartially sourced70Shenandoah County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#45Southampton CountyPartially sourced70Southampton County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#46Surry CountyPartially sourced70Surry County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#47Sussex CountyPartially sourced70Sussex County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#48Westmoreland CountyPartially sourced70Westmoreland County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#49Wise CountyPartially sourced70Wise County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#50Amelia CountyPartially sourced69Amelia County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#51Buchanan CountyPartially sourced69Buchanan County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#52Campbell CountyPartially sourced69Campbell County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#53Charles City CountyPartially sourced69Charles City County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#54Dickenson CountyPartially sourced69Dickenson County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#55Essex CountyPartially sourced69Essex County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#56Fluvanna CountyPartially sourced69Fluvanna County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#57Giles CountyPartially sourced69Giles County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#58Goochland CountyPartially sourced69Goochland County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#59Madison CountyPartially sourced69Madison County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#60Mathews CountyPartially sourced69Mathews County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#61Nottoway CountyPartially sourced69Nottoway County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#62Orange CountyPartially sourced69Orange County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#63Pulaski CountyPartially sourced69Pulaski County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#64Richmond CountyPartially sourced69Richmond County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#65Rockingham CountyPartially sourced69Rockingham County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#66Dinwiddie CountyPartially sourced68Dinwiddie County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#67Fauquier CountyPartially sourced68Fauquier County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#68Henry CountyPartially sourced68Henry County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#69New Kent CountyPartially sourced68New Kent County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#70Powhatan CountyPartially sourced68Powhatan County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#71Russell CountyPartially sourced68Russell County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#72King William CountyPartially sourced67King William County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#73Clarke CountyPartially sourced66Clarke County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#74Culpeper CountyPartially sourced66Culpeper County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VACo statewide fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#75Greensville CountyPartially sourced65Greensville County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#76Gloucester CountyPartially sourced64Gloucester County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#77Isle of Wight CountyPartially sourced64Isle of Wight County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#78Spotsylvania CountyPartially sourced64Spotsylvania County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#79Stafford CountyPartially sourced64Stafford County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#80Greene CountyPartially sourced63Greene County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#81Warren CountyPartially sourced63Warren County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#82King George CountyPartially sourced62King George County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#83Frederick CountyPartially sourced61Frederick County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#84Prince George CountyPartially sourced61Prince George County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#85Bristol cityPartially sourced60Bristol city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#86Charlottesville cityPartially sourced60Charlottesville city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#87Chesapeake cityPartially sourced60Chesapeake city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#88Chesterfield CountyPartially sourced60Chesterfield County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#89Danville cityPartially sourced60Danville city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#90Fairfax CountyPartially sourced60Fairfax County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#91Fredericksburg cityPartially sourced60Fredericksburg city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#92Hanover CountyPartially sourced60Hanover County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#93Henrico CountyPartially sourced60Henrico County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#94James City CountyPartially sourced60James City County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#95Loudoun CountyPartially sourced60Loudoun County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#96Montgomery CountyPartially sourced60Montgomery County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#97Prince William CountyPartially sourced60Prince William County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#98Richmond cityPartially sourced60Richmond city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#99Roanoke CountyPartially sourced60Roanoke County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#100Roanoke cityPartially sourced60Roanoke city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#101Suffolk cityPartially sourced60Suffolk city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#102Williamsburg cityPartially sourced60Williamsburg city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#103Winchester cityPartially sourced60Winchester city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#104Galax cityPartially sourced57Galax city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#105Covington cityPartially sourced56Covington city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#106Emporia cityPartially sourced56Emporia city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#107Hampton cityPartially sourced56Hampton city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#108Harrisonburg cityPartially sourced56Harrisonburg city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#109Hopewell cityPartially sourced56Hopewell city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#110Lexington cityPartially sourced56Lexington city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#111Lynchburg cityPartially sourced56Lynchburg city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#112Manassas cityPartially sourced56Manassas city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#113Martinsville cityPartially sourced56Martinsville city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#114Newport News cityPartially sourced56Newport News city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#115Petersburg cityPartially sourced56Petersburg city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#116Poquoson cityPartially sourced56Poquoson city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#117Salem cityPartially sourced56Salem city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#118Staunton cityPartially sourced56Staunton city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#119Virginia Beach cityPartially sourced56Virginia Beach city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#120Waynesboro cityPartially sourced56Waynesboro city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#121York CountyPartially sourced56York County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#122Alexandria cityPartially sourced52Alexandria city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#123Arlington CountyPartially sourced52Arlington County now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#124Buena Vista cityPartially sourced52Buena Vista city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#125Colonial Heights cityPartially sourced52Colonial Heights city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#126Fairfax cityPartially sourced52Fairfax city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#127Falls Church cityPartially sourced52Falls Church city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#128Franklin cityPartially sourced52Franklin city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from its VACo county profile. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#129Norfolk cityPartially sourced52Norfolk city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#130Norton cityPartially sourced52Norton city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#131Portsmouth cityPartially sourced52Portsmouth city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#132Radford cityPartially sourced52Radford city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
#133Manassas Park cityPartially sourced48Manassas Park city now has a first-pass Virginia locality-office routing anchor from the VML independent-city fallback. Tiny home, RV, off-grid, container-home, ADU, water, septic, access, floodplain, wetland, town/city jurisdiction, and building-permit feasibility should still be confirmed through local staff, state environmental review, subdivision rules, private covenants, and parcel-level research before purchase.
Research context
How To Read This Ranking
Ranking Source Trail
Homesteading rankings combine county rule research with land affordability, growing season, rural density, and water-climate context.